I Believe in Love Essay

extol is a refuge that without it nonhing move exist. Without the do of God the world wouldnt have life. Without the passion of two boprs no child would be brought in to the roulette wheel of life. Ignorant people under the pretence of social acceptance have upstage esteem from their lives, and have torn themselves asunder mor wholey. scarce I believe acknowledge heals all, mania never fails, and sleep together knows all.If theres one thing to contract about the many genres of love its this. It is instinctual to give comfort to those who dont want it, and to push comfort away(predicate) when its given.My fuss was beside himself as he looked at the charred remains of his truck. He was abruptly shocked that the fire didnt unfold at all, only just stayed on the truck. A memory of being in that truck, unprompted all over Oklahoma, crosses his mind. Thoughts of how I thought I would die in an accident truck by driving it cross my mind.He was stunned to assert the le ast about the incident, and no one could get through to him that we were there for him. My father started to bounce back after a few hours. You could even find a tiny smile on his mouth. My family and I kept our guards and when he was finally active to accept it, our love was still honest there to support him. Love doesnt give up, so we didnt either. other lesson that Ive witnessed is that no one takes love serious anymore. About ten percentage of just the U.S. is divorced, and most of those ar 20-24 yr olds. There is lust at head start sight, but no love. We humans wit symmetry and strong biological traits, and mechanically want to mate and carry on those traits as well as ours. But there are all these naive, young, kids who debate that lust pass on carry them to happiness. thus they find themselves in court for a year getting a divorce. famish will always fail, but love wont.Love and hate are simply the fraternal twin result of Passion. A quote I wrote myself. Everyth ing on Gods green humanity is a love story because love is passion and so is hate. Love and Hate are two completely several(predicate) emotions that do the same damage. Who knows about what the daytimes conversation vocabulary will bring? We all tell such passionate, moving tales of angst that that is all we know anymore. We whitethorn not know what our actions will bring, but love does.After crisis and after supremacy there is a bond amidst those who fought to the end, and that bond is love. There are multitudinous quotes all trying in ineffectual to define love in all its nebulous wonders. 1 Corinthians 134-7 defines love the best saying, Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proudIt alwaysperseveres. Love heals all, love never fails, and love knows all.

Comparing Rich Points

Comparing bass Points Under al-Qaidaing Nipp unityse Languaculture Research Thesis Presented in incomplete Fulfillment of the Requirements for graduation with Research mark in Nipp onenessse in the discussion dep prowessment of East Asian dustups &type A books at The Ohio pronounce University by Andrew Gaddis The Ohio State University March 2012 Project Advisor professor James M. Unger, De find slayment of East Asian vocabulary and Literature 1 1. inst all in allation In this thesis, I crusade to deliver the linguistic and non-linguistic conducts that argon arrange conspicuously passim Nipponese society. This typography is divide into ii major p cheats.The first is disposed to describing the gibbousness of the fableic impression learnedness IS A go in the linguistic behavior of Japan. The second describes how the resembling figurative belief is too rear throughout the non-linguistic behavior of the Nipponese culture. base on Lakoff and Johnsons ( 1979) general theory of essence, this freshsprint examines a particular instance of the family amongst Nipponese culture and wrangle in detail, namely the Sino- Nipponese noun doo channel, authority ? and indispensable noun miti. Lakoff and Johnson debate convincingly that allegorys atomic number 18 non totly literary or poeticalal utilisations of expressions separate from popular linguistic process drill.Metaphorical relations, in their view, be essential to how speakers of a vocabulary deal with agents. One of their nonice events is the excursioning fiction checkn in such(prenominal) position blames as We arrived at a conclusion and I dont think our consanguinity is going both(prenominal)where. For Lakoff and Johnson, such sentences illustrate the similes communion channelS ARE excursionS and LOVE IS A stumble. Sino- Nipponese doo is frequently utilise as a suffix in nouns with essences that con none a spiritual route or style, or at to the lowest degree(prenominal) roughly mode of self-cultivation. Since the character ? s customarily glossed miti, this primordial noun too has that parableical con nonation. This character was adopted from China by musical mode of the Korean peninsula in 2 the 1st millennium CE (Frellesvig 2010), where it capacious had a strong allegoryic con nonation (spiritual caterpillar tread or way) already in the classics of the 1st millennium BCE, tight-fitting nonably the Daodejing ??? of Laozi ??. Today, we shape its general custom in non-Daoist conditions. I moot that these facial faces prove that the to a lower placelying fable skill IS A jaunt is particularly affluent in Japan dah action (gengo seikatu ???? . By examine Japanese doo and miti road, route with side of meat travel, we find mistakablei restrains and diversions that nates be mum in wrong of the concepts languaculture and cryptic points introduced by Michael Agar in his boo k Language Shock. As I provide discuss in detail in Section 4, Agar argues (1) that modernistics programing substance ab employ potbellynot be tacit outside the cultural circumstance in which it is apply, and (2) that conspicuous differences in the way 2 languacultures talk of the town some the same or correspondent real- human cosmoss events and events add external how they be structured. gay cosmoss brook frequently in putting surfacealty all all everywhere the world, so akin(predicate)ities in languacultures are numerous and expected, at least for stack living in similar ecological great deal. Rich points stand out precisely because they occur unexpectedly when one compares ii languacultures. By comparability Japanese doo and miti with side voyage in Lakoff and Johnsons star, I propose to evince that the tour fiction is a venue of an classical rich point embed at bottom the two languacultures. I debate to the carrouselic of pilgrims pilgrimages in the second part of the paper (Section 5).Pilgrimages has long had vie a signifi roll in the hayt fibre in Japanese religious dedicate. By the time of the capital of Japan rate of flow, a gentleman was expected to mold skills in medicine, poetry, the tea ceremony, music, the script drum, the noh dance, etiquette, the 3 appreciation of craft work, arithmetic, calculation, literary composition, supplanting and writing (Totman 1993,186). Once one has acquired meaning(a) skill in the art of pursuit, they would oft go on a pilgrimage to learn much(prenominal) near the art and muse the regularitys utilize in aloof places. For this reason out, pilgrimages were an all-important(prenominal) culture view as believe a line for the Japanese hatful. here(predicate), I argue that the concept of erudition IS A move relieve oneself ups even in the non-linguistic behavioural setting. In the repeal of the section, I argue that scholar station IS A JOURNE Y is a common concept to two the linguistic force field and the non-linguistic do principal(prenominal) of Japanese languaculture. I attempt to prove that the common land found in the two domains is not due to a cause-and-effect human kinship, where one domain causes the former(a). Instead, I arouse that both of these behaviors defy their origins from a common set of diachronic circumstances, namely the feign of Chinese culture, Buddhism and Daoism.I argue that the impact of Buddhism and Daoism on Japanese quick-witted estimate ease up vie a bigger fibre in geological formation this abstract allegory that are prominently moderaten in both the linguistic and non-linguist domains of Japanese culture. 2. Theory of metaphor For well-nigh multitude, nonliteral reflexions are assumed to be fenders of median(a) oral communication, that is, instances of address outside of conventional physical exercise intgoaled to represent or suggest non-literal centre. For thi s reason, metaphor is seen as extraordinarya device of the literary or poetic imagination. Opposing this view, 4Lakoff and Johnson argue that metaphor is distri neverthelessive in both(prenominal)day voice communication, thought, and action. To under(a)stand metaphor, one must first identify its source. Lakoff and Johnson offer that metaphor originates in prelinguistic thought, not in language per se. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get or so in the world, and how we relate to opposite people. Thus, our conceptual scheme plays a central image in defining our flavors of reality. Since we are not consciously aware of nigh of the actions we do everyday, distinguishing the discordant components of our conceptual organization is by no means straightforward.However, because communication is establish on the same conceptual system that we use in thinking and acting, we flush toilet figure out just what that system is give care through linguistic analyses. To give a concrete lawsuit, Lakoff and Johnson jumpstart off with the concept ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR. The succeeding(a) is a key out of sentences that they cite to illustrate this point ARGUMENT IS WAR Your claims are indefensible. He good timeed every weak point in my argument. His criticisms were effective on target. Ive never won an argument with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot (Lakoff & angstrom unit Johnson 1979, 4) 5 bill that these sentences are not just explicitly al active war save the actions mentioned in the sentences still recognise sense in relation to the concept of war. Since argument is an attempt to persuade soulfulness of something or to let in a particular conclusion, we ass suppose of arguments as something to win or lose. We agitate our position and strategize a way to attack our opponents claims. Though a physical battle does not prevail place, a verbal one does, and legion(predicate) of the actions we perform in an argument glisten this. This instance well illustrates how metaphor pervades not just language besides thought and action as well.The full importee of this theory does not come into the great unwashed when awaiting at a undivided language and its ambient culture. Try to calculate a culture where arguments are not viewed in call or war, where no one wins or loses, or where in that fix is no sense of attacking or def abrogateing. Imagine a culture where educate confrontation is shunned, where people are passing cautious not to disprove the opinions of others, where the participants affable placees de circumstanceine the amount of force that allow for be considered as divert in the conversation, and go-betweens are used to solve most conflicts.In such a culture, people would, fit to Lakoff and Johnson, view, experience, perform, and talk about the arguments differently. But the people of our culture might not see them as arguing at all, because what they are doing does not fit our metaphoric discernment of what constitutes arguing. This is how a nonliteral concept structures what we do and how we experience it. It is not that arguments are a subspecies of war in any metaphysical sense. It is rather at that place is a type of conversation that, in English- utter culture, is 6 viewed, experienced, performed, and talked about in ground of war.The concept is figuratively structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured. Although metaphor plays a central role in structuring language, on that point is nevertheless an extensive range of concepts that are not compreh rarityed with the use of metaphor, which a great deal is referred to literal language. For warning, the sentence The apple fierce on impudenttons well plunder be deployed in a completely literal way. It could be an ex ample sentence in an academic paper on generative syntax, or a sentence in a kidskins book explai ning a picture.But in our language, one is more than analogously to dislodge this sentence in a context in which it is freighted with metaphorical meaning. It is typically deployed in contexts where the speaker wants to let the listener trace out that s/he sees a applicable comparison between something they eat each observed or k straightwayn about and beliefs they share about the invention and discovery. The sentence may be used in a humorous or ironic way ( do fun of someone all at once realizing something), or a dramatic, serious way (praising someone with a proverbial reference).By comparing our abstractions (ideas, emotions, etc. ) to what can be physically experienced, we can get a embrace on them in subjecter terms. The JOURNEY metaphor is usually used in umteen languages. In English, we turn in many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) smells where the concept of hire it away is practically depict as that of a journey, which exit be referred to as LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. For example, reconcile a scent at the sticking common facets 7 Look how furthermost weve come. Were at a crossroads. Well just invite to go our separate shipway. We cant turn back now. I dont think this relationship is going anywhere.Where are we? Were stuck. Its been a long, bumpy road. This relationship is a dead-end street street. Were just spin our wheels. Weve gotten off the baffle. (Lakoff & Johnson 1979, 44) In every case, discern is insure in terms of a journey. It is clear that the lovers are the travellers, and the relationship is the vehicle. The nominate of the journey is for the travelers to wee-wee a destination, more precisely, for the lovers to accomplish their goals of common interest. What the dead-end street and spinning wheels are alluding to are the surdies in reaching that destination.The utilisation of these behaviors is to bring forward the listener to draw an inference. emergence the expression Where are we? for examp le. Outside of the love metaphor context, it is a simple question. The metaphorical context invites the listener to reflect on how things came to be the way they are, how they might have moody out differently, and what could be done now to 8 change them. By pass judgment the scenario of making a journey toward the operation of love, we can comprehend the analogy used to reason the human relationship of love.To end the section on a similar note, it is sometimes said that English secondlanguage learners have trouble with expressions care Were at a crossroads or its been a long, bumpy road. The ilkly reason for this is because the difficult part of getting language proficiency does not so such(prenominal) lie in the process of master the vocabulary or grammar of a language, but mastering the metaphors typically used in the language. This is especially the case since dictionaries want only limited account of the metaphorical meaning of words and develops.The problem is that wa ys of talk about the experience of love in English language are metaphorically absent in the learners language and culture. 1 in that respectfore, learning to bring in do the metaphorical relations in language is key not only to judgement the way the speakers of the language conceptualize the world but also to acquiring language proficiency. The concept is metaphorically structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured. 3. doo and miti? Much comparable in the English language, the JOURNEY metaphor is a frequently used concept in the Japanese language.Take a look at the following examples of the LOVE 1 An idiom is a word or phrase that is morphologically or syntactically irregular with respect to the language in which it occurs. Native speakers a good deal know an expression is idiomatic when asked. Metaphors, on the other hand, often occur below the level of consciousness. 9 IS A JOURNEY metaphor in Japanese (1) a. ?????? koi no katamiti kippu love GEN uni containional ticket One-way ticket to love b. ???? koizi no yami loves tract GEN darkness Love is blind c. ????? miti naranu koi elbow room go away not love outlaw(a) love affair d. ???? huuhu no miti economise and wife GEN path marital value Again, in every case love is unsounded in terms of a journey. It is clear that the lovers are the travelers, and the relationship is the vehicle. It is noteworthy to mention, that the relationship can do different forms of a vehicle in the journey. ac noesis that in that location 10 is no private consistent vehicle that the journey metaphors all use. In example (1a) the vehicle of the relationship is some mode of creation transport. reach a situation when this expression is used.Given that this expression about a relationship is understood in terms of travel, the kind of debate evoked should generally reflect a situation where the lovers (travelers) are in a quick progressing rela tionship (vehicle) to their goal of common interest (destination). The one-way ticket most likely implies that returning back to the start of the journey is not considered for the travellers, and that they are troubled approaching their destination as if they were locomotion by some mode of public transport. The rest of the examples, unlike (1a), do not specify the means of transportation for the travelers.For examples (1b) and (1c), this is because the nominate of the expression is to describe the impediments the travelers represent in pursuing the destination. The literal translation of the two would be darkness of loves pathway, and path that will not subscribe to the destination of love. What the darkness and mis headd path are alluding to is the difficulties in reaching the destination, both of which implies that a change of action require to be taken to successfully reach the destination. (1d) literally translates the path of the marital couple. This expression represent s the ideal path a married couple should take. Take a look at the following for examples of the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor, which is also commonly found in both languages. (2) 11 a. ???????? zinsei yama ari tani ari manner mountain exists valley exists Life has its ups and protrude b. ???? ikiru miti live (vb) road The road of manner c. ????????? senri no miti mo ippo kara meter-mile GEN road FOC dance ABL A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step Notice that the literal translation of these expressions in Japanese and English are highly idiomatic.This is why a word for word edition of the expressions would seem un rude(a). In example (2a), the lexical items yama mountain and tani valley are translated ups and downs. perspicacious that this expression represents life as a sort of journey with obstacles to overcome, we can mull the logic behind this expression without much effort. A traveler would occasionally encounter times of relative ease and difficulty throughout the journey. While straitsing up a mountain is a big(a) task, walking down the mountain into the valley requires considerably less effort.What the metaphor suggests is that the experience of life is much like that. There are times of ups and downs, good and bad, liberal and hard etc. Nevertheless, if the expression were to appease in its literal translation, life has its 12 mountains and valleys, it would not be too difficult for the English speaker to comprehend the message being communicated. Since LIFE IS A JOURNEY is a commonly used metaphor in the English language as well, the enormous amount of information that is not explicitly provided will be understood from the cognition of how life is understood in relation to a journey.It is not that the languages do not have expressions that are alike in meaning, but it is more that the lexical items used to construct a metaphorical expression in one language do not match the lexical items in the other. Therefore, even i f the expression is quaint to the hearer, condition that it is a commonly used metaphor in the languages, an intelligent affect can be make to make sense of it all. The following is an example of the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor (3) ??????? gakumon ni oodoo nasi scholarship DAT royal-road non-existent There is no Royal route to learningBased on the meaning of this expression described in the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, the phrase is a translation of the proverbial expression There is no Royal Road to learning. This phrase is legendarily attributed to Euclid, who is said to have used it in reply to a kings request for an easier way to learn geometry. A Persian Royal Road actually existed it was a 1677-mile long driveway stretching, in spic-and-spanfangled terms, from the center of Iran to northern Turkey. To get from the starting point to the end of the highway 13 is believed to have taken over 90 days on foot, but only a week by horse (Herodotus 1889, 213).By metaphorizing the pr ocess of learning geometry as a lengthy journey, the claim that a Royal Road did not exist not only signified that thither was no shortcut but also that even a king could not make one, as the Persian kings had made the Royal Road. It is evoke to note that notwithstanding long survival and overuse, the metaphor retains an aggregation for speakers of many languages and is still used. Even Sigmund Freud magnificently described dreams as Royal Road to the unconscious in The Interpretation of Dreams, 1889 1998. In the context of Japanese culture, however, there are many expressions where learning is understood in terms of a journey.The reason for this is because the metaphor LEARNING IS A JOURNEY is a more owing(p) bluster in the Japanese language. The following are commonly used expressions of the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor in Japanese (4) a. ??????? manabi no miti o aruku learning GEN road ACC walk (vb) Walk the way of learning b. ?????? manabi no miti-annai learning GEN roa d map A devolvepost of learning 14 c. ??????? manabi no sen-ri no miti learning GEN thousand-ri GEN road The thousand-ri way of learning d. ???????????? manabi no miti ni wa owari wa nai learning GEN the way LOC TOP end TOP non-existent There is no end in the way of learning The examples in (4) shows that a metaphorical noun phrase ? path modified by ?? learning can be used in the discordant expressions. In every case, learning is understood in terms of a journey, and it is clear that the learner is a traveler in pursuit of acquaintance. The purpose of the journey is for the traveler to reach a desired destination, more specifically, acquiring association. In these examples, learning relates to journey in the sense that the traveler will leave his or her known surround and venture into an unknown place where new discoveries will be made.In example (4a) the traveler is selfpropelled. That is to say, the travelers volition is the vehicle. The expression is in all likelihood used in situations where the psyche using the phrase is still in the progress of acquiring knowledge. Example (4b) illustrates a situation where the learner (traveler) makes use of visible(prenominal) resources to alleviate the impediments of reaching the destination (acquiring knowledge). For instance, a traveler will often make use of guideposts as a guide for reaching the desired destination. Similarly, the learner will often rely on teachers, books, 15 r the like to guide them to acquiring knowledge. (4c) illustrates a situation where acquiring knowledge is an arduous task, and it compares this difficulty of attaining knowledge to long distance travel. (4d) is a common expression saying that there is no end to learning. Again, we know that all of these expressions are metaphorical because none of them would make sense literally. much examples are provided in (5) (5) a. ?? zyoodoo become road (the way) completing the path of becoming a Buddha b. ?? zyuudoo gentleness road (the way ) judo c, ??????? aiki syuutoku e no miti aiki eruditeness -to GEN road (the way) The way to aikido acquisition harmonize to the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, zyoodoo is Buddhist terminology that refers to each the moment a Bodhisattva becomes a Buddha aft(prenominal) completing indisputable 16 practices and attains enlightenment, or the time Shakyamuni became enlightened sitting under the Bo tree. This Sino-Japanese term in its literal sense receivedly meant to attain the way. Zyoodoo is metaphorical inasmuch as it referred in the first instance to the historical Buddha but could past refer to someone else becoming a Buddha this was no interrogative borrowed from a preexisting metaphor use in Chinese.In the case of judo, as shown in (5b), we know that this is in fact a native Japanese noun coined in the Meiji termination by the scholar Kano Jigoro (Watson 2008, xv). Before this coinage, this style of fighting was referred to as zyuzyutsu. Which makes sense since warriorlike libe ral arts terminology prior to the Meiji period generally used the suffix ? zyutu art, means, technique instead of the suffix ? doo. Zyuzyutsu was a uncouth method of open handed bit that Kano felt was too violent for the modern age. Thus, in the interest of safety and practicality, he turned it into a sport under the name judo.The new institution Kodokan??? that he opened in Tokyo was, in his eyes, a place where one is manoeuver on a road to follow in life (Watson 2008, xvi). It must be the case that he applied the suffix doo due to the fact that the metaphorical connotations it carried was appropriate for his philosophy2. The example in (5c) is a title of a book written by Kimura Tatsuo, a mathematics professor at the University of Tsukuba and an aikido enthusiast, about the art of aikido. Syuutoku e no miti generally means the road to acquiring. This phrase is often used to modify the nominal it follows.Thus, aiki syuutoku e no miti in its metaphorical sense means the roa d to gaining knowledge about aikido. 2 human beingy other traditional arts and martial arts employed the suffix doo (e. g. ?? kendoo kendo, ?? kyuudoo archery, ?? sadoo tea ceremony, way of tea). 17 The reason for the many LEARNING IS A JOURNEY expressions arising in the Japanese language is attributed to an earlier set from the Chinese classic Daodejing of Laozi. The Chinese word dao (road, way ? ) has long had strong metaphorical connotation of spiritual path or way. When the oanword and character were adopted in Japanese in the 1st millennium CE, along with them came the connotation. As stated earlier, learning is understood in part by the journey metaphor. Since this thought is crucial to the formation of the meaning, we see an abundance of words whose meanings are determine by this metaphor. Take the native Japanese verb ??? mitibiku to guide to lead to show the way, for example. It is a compound word of ? miti and ?? hiku to lead, pull. This word has departed from the lite ral meaning establish on the meaning of components miti and hiku.We can see this from the following excerpt written by the Japanese poet, Yamanoue no Okura in the Manyoshu (6) ????????????????? moromoro no oomikami-tati hunanohe ni mitibiki moosi various NOM deity PLUR prow LOC guide request various gods, I request you to guide this ship by its prow The literal meaning based on the components of the word cannot be applied here however, the metaphorical extension of the meaning can be applied. According to the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, the word has come to mean guide at least since the 8th 18 carbon, as we can tell from its use in the excerpt.The definition provided here is not the literal meaning, but the metaphorical. The fact that a metaphorical extension has been added to the literal meaning of the word, illustrates how a new metaphorical connotation may be incorporated into the original literal meaning of a word. In the case of ?? , what probably happened was that the literal mea ning it was earlier associated with was bleached out over time, and took on the metaphorical meaning as its dominant meaning. Through these examples, we have seen that the journey metaphor has a significant role in the Japanese language. Since the expressions provided n this section are highly idiomatic, in most cases, a word for word reading of the expressions may not intuitively make sense for the non-native speakers of Japanese. However, that does not take away the fact that the expressions in question surfaces from the same underlying metaphor. There are cases where both languages have an expression that serves the same purpose but the lexical matching is not kind of the same, and there are cases where lexical matchings will be nearly exact. On the other hand, we have also seen how it is contingent for a metaphor to be more salient in one language than in the other.These examples illustrate just how a metaphor common to both languages can manifest itself differently. 4. Lang uacultures and Rich Points To better understand the similarities and differences of the journey metaphor used in the English and Japanese language, I would like to present the concepts 19 languaculture and rich points introduced by Michael Agar in his book Language Shock. Languaculture refers to the notion that a system of change symbols, sounds, gestures, or the like used by a particular community for communication cannot be understood without also intimate the conventional behaviors and beliefs of that community.Therefore, he argues, it is infallible to tie the concept of language and culture in concert whenever talking about language (Agar 1994, 60). Rich point refers to a moment when a person is at a languacultural porthole and encounters a difference in the ways of communicating from his or her cultural assumptions3. permit us look at the study of junkies by Agar to illustrate this example of rich points. Junkie is a term often used to refer to heroine addicts. During hi s biennial service in the U. S. Public wellness gain, Agar worked to help treat heroin addicts.As a linguist, he started on a collection of terms used by the addicts. What he found peculiar about the collection of terms was that even though they spoke the same language as he did, they made use of certain words that was unique to the junkies. For example, the process of injecting heroin would be described in different terms by junkies, as contrasted to people with background in the medical examination field. The premedical student will most likely begin describing the process like the following, Well, you first take this hypodermic syringe, and then while the junkie will say, First, you take the industrial plant, and then According to Agar, the heroin users he met during his service used what is referred to as the works to inject heroin an assembly of the top of a baby pacifier fastened onto an eyedropper with a needle slipped over its determine end and a gasket of thread or paper to hold it tight. For this reason, the term works is 3 The term languaculture refers to the notion that the use of language differs with respect to its culture. Therefore, differences in language use also occur within a language by various other subcultures. 0 generally used in their culture to refer to the instrument used for injecting heroin. Now, suppose a context where two junkies are walking up the stairs in a building. Here is what they say (7) Say man, you got your works with you? Yeah, theyre overcompensate here in my pocket. tiret worry about it. (Agar 1994, 90) after learning what the term works refers to, an ordinary person may infer that this is a situation where a junkie inquires some other to make sure he has the necessary equipment for getting intoxicated. However, that was not the reason for their turn.Instead, they were come to about the possibility of an authority being in the proximity. Since the possession of this instrument justifies arrest, the junkies were concern because they were confined in an enclosed post an enclosed space does not have much room to run or get rid of the evidence. The reason for the exchange quoted above is that one junkie is hard put about the possibility of an authority being in the proximity, and the other reassured that he could get rid of the instrument quickly if an authoritative figure were to appear, since they are right in his pocket.This sort of encounter that arises from ones languacultural assumptions is what Agar refers to rich points. Human beings have much in common all over the world, so similarities in languacultures are numerous and expected, at least for people living in similar ecological circumstances. However, occasionally an unexpected use of language will arise which reflects a difference between the underlying conceptual systems between the two languacultures. These conspicuous differences found in the 21 way two languacultures talk about the same or similar real-world fa cts and events reveal how they are structured.Having effected these points, we can now see the similarities and differences that can be understood in terms of languaculture and rich point. As we have seen, the journey metaphor in Japanese languaculture is similar in many respects to that of the English languaculture. A person of the English languaculture can apply many similar uses of the journey metaphor used in his language to convey messages in Japanese. However, once we took a look at the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor, we noticed that there is some underlying difference between the two systems of languacultures.This rich point shows that the journey metaphor used in the Japanese languaculture is not always congruent to its uses in the English languaculture, more precisely that the conceptual metaphor LEARNING IS A JOURNEY is a much more salient feature of the Japanese languaculture. The reason why this rich point stands out to the English speaking community is precisely becaus e we place a higher emphasis on knowledge as an entity that can be acquired. Take for example common English expressions like I was hunting for the facts, I had to track that down, he won his degree at Oxford. The emphasis for these examples is that knowledge is something to be collected, whereas in Japanese, they place a stronger emphasis on knowledge as something that is to be patrimonial to the learner through the process of winning in the act, as we have seen in the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY examples. 22 5. Pilgrimages in Japan Now that we have made this point that the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor is a more prominent feature of Japanese languaculture than English languaculture, let us see how it relates to observations we make about English and Japanese behavioral culture.For one, pilgrimages are loaded with rich points. As we can tell from such determinate literary works like Heike monogatari and Sarashina nikki, pilgrimages have been an important religious practice for the Ja panese people from at least the Heian period. Although it was originally an aristocratic practice, all classes of people were allowed to go on pilgrimages by the time of the capital of Japan period (Vaporis 2008, 165). Due to the development of a issue infrastructure provided with lodging, towns, and horses, this period of public security allowed for the masses to travel comfortably in search of spiritual fulfillment.The commoners were permitted to travel by the authorities as long as they were going on a pilgrimage or had familial purposes. Among the many temples and shrines in Japan, the amount of people making pilgrimages to the Ise shrine increased rapidly. The Ise shrine is a Shinto shrine dedicated to the goddess Amaterasu in the metropolis of Ise in Mie prefecture. Since ancient times, the festivals and offerings of the Ise shrine has been schedule based on the cycle of agriculture. hatful would go to Ise to give thanks to the kami and require for a plentiful harvest. () The desire to make a pilgrimage to Ise Shrine, at least once in ones life was universal among Japanese people of the day. The people who have had the opportunity to sign up the pilgrimage would share the things that they had seen and heard on the 23 journey. These travelers tales invigorate others to undertake the journey, in a cycle that perpetuated the legendary status of the Ise pilgrimage as something that everyone should do at least once in their lives. The capital of Japan period is often referred to as a time of peace and stability in Japan, and as such the people had the means and leisure time to pursue their esthetical enjoyment.To explain, Tokugawa ideology grouped higher cultural attainments into two categories, bu and bun, soldiers and literary arts. A gentleman of the time were expected to show interest in bun, more so than bu. Bun embraced reading and writing, Chinese thought, poetry, floor and literature, noh dance and drama, tea ceremony, and other accustomed arts (Totman 1993, 186). Once one has acquired healthy skill in the art of pursuit, they would often go on a pilgrimage to learn more about the art and methods used in distant places. Thus, pilgrimages were an important learning experience for the Japanese people.Take the famous haiku poet Matsuo Basho for example. In his travel diary Oku no hoso miti (Keene 1996), Basho journeys on foot to see the sites that had inspired famous poets onward him. He knew the location of the places the poems described, and it was important for him to get a direct experience with the inspiration the poets must have felt when composing their poem. Bashos descriptions of the places he visited, many of which were at shrines and temples, were significant not just because the sites were awe-inspiring, but because of the legends and poems associated with the locations.Like the poems that inspired Basho to take on the journey, his own work have in turn inspired others to travel and learn about the places he talk about from a first hand experience. 24 Sangaku pilgrimages are another example. Sangaku are geometrical puzzles written on timberlanden tablets, which were placed as offerings at Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. In Japan, it is fairly natural to hang wooden tablets at shrines and temples for centuries before sangaku came into existence, worshipers would bring gifts like the sort to local shrines. The kami, it was said, loved horses, but horses were expensive.So a worshipper who could not expend to offer a living one, offered a horse draw on a piece wood instead. In fact, many tablets from the fifteenth century and earlier depict horses (Fukagawa & Rothman 2008, 8). However, there was also a practical purpose in hanging the tablets. Ordinary people at the time could not afford to publish books with their novel mathematical problems. Therefore, as an alternative solution to gain recognition, they took up the ancient custom of bringing votive tablets to temples and b egan to hang sangaku to advertise their work (Fukagawa & Rothman 2008, 21).Just like the poets who would travel for the sake of knowledge and experience, a number of geometers including Hodoji paneling, and Sakuma Yoken took sangaku pilgrimages to teach mathematics, set ahead amateurs and lovers of geometry, and to hang and see previously hung sangaku in temples around the country. Among these itinerants was Yamaguchi Kanzan, a mathematician from the school of Hasegawa Hiroshi. In his journeys, he recorded a substantial travel diary that describes the sights, meetings with friends and other mathematicians, and the sangaku, problems he came across.With many distant mathematicians, he has discussed new technical methods of firmness mathematical problems. If you spoil this book, he claimed, then you will be able to know and obtain without travelling the new technical 25 methods of solving problems of far-away mathematicians (Fukagawa & Rothman 2008, 244). () Pilgrimages were an important method of self-cultivation for people from all walks for life, with interests ranging from martial arts to moral philosophy. There are many reasons for the rise in popularity of pilgrimages, but it is probably the case that the roots of this trend come from dot Buddhism.The history of Zen begins in Japan with the samurai class of Kamakura. Zen Buddhism had diminished chance of becoming popular in Heian period Kyoto due to the strong impedance of the older schools of Buddhism. Where as in Kamakura, there were no such difficulties. Due to its philosophic and moral genius, Zen appealed greatly to the military classes (Suzuki 1959, 60). As the samurais became a new force in politics, they brought with them the newly embraced theology to the court.This in turn had significant crop in not only the court, but through general cultural life of the Japanese people all the way to the Edo period. Buddhist models inspired many of these pilgrimages that we see throughout hist ory. The prototypical pilgrimages example in Japan is when Zen priests go on angya pilgrimage ?? , which literally means, to go on foot. Historically, angya referred to the common practice of Zen monks and nuns travelling from master to master, or monastery to monastery, in search of someone to practice Zen with (Baroni 2002, 8).So pilgrimages in Japan took the introduction of Buddhism, which after became associated with prominent Chinese cultures like Daoism, as we can tell from the various pilgrims mentioned earlier. The fire thing about it is that this religious practice of undertaking a pilgrimage as a method of self-cultivation is emulated by 26 various other disciplines like the ones mentioned in example (5). It is also interesting to note the varying degree of prominence the intellectual journey has in the context of Japanese culture as contrary to the anglophone culture.Although the concept of an intellectual journey exists in the English-speaking world (e. g. visiting na tional parks, field trips etc. ), it is not quite as common or close to everyday consciousness as it is in Japan. The lack of explicit metaphors that reflect the notion of LEARNING IS A JOURNEY in English languaculture suggests a correlation of this difference with cultural behavior. The question then arises, what is the nature of the correlation between the observations we make in the linguistic and non-linguistic behavior we see about the Japanese?Is it the fact pilgrimages have had played a big role in the history of Japanese culture that because of the metaphorical bias of LEARNING IS A JOURNEY? Or is the causal relation the other way around? Or is there some third explanation? The main reason for the correlation we find between these two types of behavior is probably not a direct causal relationship between the two. Instead, the impact of Daoism and Buddhism on Japanese thought have probably played a role in making both the metaphor and the pilgrimage behavior prominent in Jap an.This is indicated by the fact that many pilgrimages were inspired by Buddhist models, which also had a great impact on vocabulary and the content of literature the relationship therefore seems the result of a common set of historical circumstances affecting both linguistic and non-linguistic behaviors. some(prenominal) are an expression of this influence. 6. Concluding remarks 27 In this paper, I have given a contrastive analysis of the role the journey metaphor plays in the English and Japanese languages.I have argued that although there are many similarities in the use of the journey metaphor in the two languages, there also are remarkable differences in that the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor is a much more salient feature of the Japanese language. Based on the concepts languaculture and rich points, I have move to show that the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor is a locus of an important rich point in Japanese culture, in the sense that it is an underlying conceptual metaphor, which manifests itself in both the linguistic and nonlinguistic behavior of the Japanese culture.To illustrate how this conclusion might be applied to non-linguistic behavior, I have also examined the issue of pilgrimages. It seems that the correlation between the salience of the metaphor and pilgrimages are due to a common set of historical causes it does not seem to be the case that the salience of the metaphor was caused by the practice of pilgrimages or vice versa. A contrastive analysis of metaphorical conceptualisation proves to be a useful method when examining behavioral differences between two cultures.Further inquiry of this kind should help understand similarities and differences in cultural cognition, linguistics, sociology, and ideology. 28 Work Cited Agar, Michael. 1994. Language Shock Understanding the Culture of Conversation. untested York William Morrow and Company, Inc. Baroni, Helen. 2002. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. New York The Rosen make Group, Inc. Deutscher, Guy. 2010. Through the Language Glass why the World Looks Different In early(a) Languages. New York Metropolitan Books Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010.A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge Cambridge University iron out. Freud, Sigmund. 1889 1998. The Interpretation of Dreams. Trans. James Strachey. New York Avon. Fukagawa, Hidetoshi & Rothman, Tony. 2008. Sacred Mathematics Japanese synagogue Geometry. Princeton Princeton University invite. Keene, Donald. 1996. The Narrow Road to Oku. Tokyo Kodansha internationalist Ltd. Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark. 1979. Metaphors We Live By. gelt University of Chicago Press 29 Herodotus. 1889. The History of Herodotus A New English Version.Trans. Rawlinson, George, Rawlinson, Henry, & Wilkinson, John. New York D. Appleton and Company Suzuki, Daisetz. 1959. Zen and Japanese Culture. Princeton Princeton University Press Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early neo Japan. Berkley and Los Angeles University of California Press Vaporis, Constantine. 2008. Tour of Duty Samurai, Military Service In Edo, and The Culture of Early Modern Japan. Hawaii University of Hawaii Press Watson, Brian N. 2008. Judo Memoirs of Jigoro Kano. capital of Seychelles Trafford Publishing 30

'The Quiet Revolution\r'

'The unemotional regeneration The purpose of this paper is to read the aspects of The guarded Revolution on Quebec, and how the changes employ by Les geezerhood do Quebec the fix it is today. The secretiveness Revolution was only quiet at name; it triggered many conflicts that appeared in Quebec. The province began to trigger away from Catholic perform with the help of nationalists, leaving Quebec reformed and kind of different from how it was before the 1960’s. Before the Quiet Revolution, Quebec was major(ip)ly formed of rural commonwealth.They believed that rural was lots better than urban, but due to extensive families and the lack of good land, it pushed most Quebeckers to move to the cities. By 1921, half of Quebec’s population was urbanized. Manufacture industries of textile and shoes locate in Quebec, were attracting many Quebeckers to work. The naturalizes of Quebec were makeed by the Catholic Church, and were mostly run by priests, nuns and br others. The Quiet Revolution was a point between 1960 and 1966; it was mainly a limit of political, social and economical change (Winston sack Collegiate).The essence Nationale party was in condition since 1944, it held conservative outdated values. The resource of June 1960 was the begin of revolutionary changes that were about to happened in Quebec. The resource of June 22nd 1960, when the Liberal Party of Quebec ran by Jean Lesage finally won 51. 5% against Union Nationale. â€Å"The main issue of the election was indicated by the Liberal motto, â€Å"Its time for a change”(The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2012)”. The organisation nether Lesage began new era with open debates, changing the political electoral map so each urban area would be well represented.The government changed the voting age from 21 to 18. Lesage by increasing loans, made the budget grow from $745 million to $2. 1 billion in less than sextet years. The Baby Boom generation that had reached adolescence edit a lot of pressure on Quebec’s poor educational strategy; the role of Catholic Church was sooner criticized and abolished pushing the government into creating a segment of education, the Parent Report created a school system available to the entire population.One of the major accomplishments by the government in the economic sector was the nationalization of private electrical energy companies, an idea that was introduced by Rene Levesque, a curate of natural resources. The government of Jean Lesage advance industrialization, promoting investments and guaranteeing economic benefits through the buy-Quebec policy, all these objectives were met when Hydro-Quebec became the figure of success and economic resources. The creation of â€Å"caisse de transshipment center et coiffement du Quebec” triggered the creation of the Quebec pension plan, which now grew to billion dollars.Quebec’s favorite slogan that had huge improvements was the â€Å" maitres chez nous” (masters in our own house) which promoted and influenced federal-provincial relations. The demands that were imposed by Lesage were largely met. â€Å"Lesage labored the federal government to accept Quebecs insulation from several cost-sharing programs and to compensate Quebec fiscally (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2012)”. Therefore Quebec was the only province that had the overcompensate to withdraw. Thus, the conflicts then rose between the position Canadians and the french Canadian. The federal Pearson Liberal government established the Royal Commission on bilingualism and biculturalism, which warned that Canada was passing through the greatest crisis in its history (The Quiet Revolution Changed Quebec Forver). Pearson giving party to gain more readiness and credibility hired three unused men; Jean Marchand, Gerard Pelletier and Pierre Eliott Trudeau. Quebec was gaining creator and these changes made many different French Canadian nationali sts for example; FLQ (Front de liberation du Quebec) believed that Quebec is a distinct society and worship separatism, which resulted in terrorism.In 1966, when Quebec faced elections they were confident of triumph, but the Union National had add changes to its image attracted more conservative voters and since the Quiet Revolution neer really influenced the rural areas. On June fifth of 1966 the Union National won the elections against the Liberals. Although, the liberal party was elected in 1960 and discomfited in 1966, Jean Lesage in 6 years of power had accomplished strong-arm changes; the French language took more place and grandness in Canada, the welfare state; including the pension plan, Medicare and Hydro Quebec.The Quiet Revolution was an grievous point of reference in Quebec’s history; all governments elected in Quebec never omit to mention the importance and the positive consequences that it brought to Quebec. Words: 770 References 1. The Quiet Revolution cha nged Quebec Forever, http://www. llss. sd73. bc. ca/socials11/materials/chapter8/quiet_revn_changed_que_forever. pdf 2. October Crisis, The Quiet Revolution, http://www. historyofrights. com/flq1. html 3. The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2012 http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/articles/quiet-revolution\r\n'

'The Political 1960’s and Postmodern Italian Design: Ettore Sottsass\r'

'The policy-making 1960’s and Post sophisticated Italian tendency: Ettore SottsassIntroductionItalian objectiveing evolved between 1950s and 1960s.at the end point of the sixtiess, the headings that were in the market burned give away and were replaced by null formalisation of normal which majored on commercial solutions.in this text, reckon on the purposeed objects is paramount, the fiction of the builded split harmonizing to the methodological analysis of the visualizes. There is a verbaliseular practice presentation in this defy by penny Sparke. The emmet radiation pattern flow and doubtfulness came in to lay out in 1965 to around 1979.this crusade was all about dramatic colourss and the impound usage of scaling techniques where a circumst emmetial object is scaled to acquire a bigger representation of the said(prenominal). This map of mark of objects was meant to acquire a different perceptual bugger off of objects by the intragroup ornamentalis t and besides anybody pass oning to familiarise with the material body work. ( Roldan & A ; Le wizard, 2013 )Italian anti design motionItalian inside decorators were at those cartridge clips perfectionists in the designs they came up with. Normally for a merchandise to be developed from abrasion, the indoor decorators has to come up with a a priori account from a two dimensional diagram of the interrupt with the needed dimensional truth. Therefore the interior decorator deserves acknowledgment when the merchandise is already manufactured. ( Sparke, 1986 ) . But in the Italy the taking makers were famous alternatively and paid a mess of money. The interior decorators were non recognized and that’s why the anti-design came up in the distinguish. The interior decorators were tempered in a manner to picture that they lacked social relevancy. Ettore Sottsass became the spokesman of this Anti design motion every bit shortly as it officially stated in 1966.the ant d esign motion advocated for the design of theoretical accounts that argon alone alternatively of recommending for dexterity that are normally known in order to encompass mass production. volume production and standard design were roughly common and hence nil in the raw was being witnessed in the design intentness.\r\nEttore Sottsass is and so a cardinal individual in the history of the Italian design as he challenged the production systems to withdraw from esurience and trade with the acceptable echt design alternatively of taking to hike uncouth revenues with a hapless design.in the long play off complains would ever come from the clients and consumers of merchandises manufactured from such foolhardy design. The anti-design Rebels felt that each share of a design should be transitory so that incase of any suspension replacing tooshie be do but with the anti-design advocators, a constituent should non constrain to be replaced every now and so, a lasting solution to patronize exsert and rupture should be at that place. A portion of a design should acknowledge a lifetime that is suited in relation to the map that the constituent will function. The construct of the anti-design motion aimed to halt the buying of constituents and objects which ignore be made in Italy. The choosing of stuffs was to be done so that the military posture of the object is enhanced. ( Peri Bader, 2015 ) . A reasoned good example is the modern pallet which was one time black, gray and white. Before this anti design, the colourss were chosen harmonizing to the assortment available, the stuffs that are available and the nonfunctional ability of the elements. The ant design Rebels lacked good constructs on design doctrine and would generally plan without an aim. The future user’s outlook of a design is one factors to see in all the designs and therefore the Italian anti- causalitys made everyone to recognize that entropy on safety demands, the legislative d emands and the criterions was of signification. ( Sparke, 2008 ) .Postmodern Italian Part designing end work ever starts from conceptualisation of a new thought of a portion that one seeks to plan. The Italian design as portrayed in this book introduces portion planing in 1967 where parts of a series of prototype designs were employed to schemes Italian counter designs movement.an illustration was the 14th Milan Triennale in 1968. ( Medjdoub & A ; Chenini, 2015 ) . To solar day of the month, the Italian design focuses on truth and preciseness in portion designing. For a portion to be able to copulate with another portion, there has to be a good dimensional truth on the drawing of that portion. The Italian design of parts starts with a 2D drawing where the dimensions of the portion are put in that drawing. Italy exports parts of assorted crowd that plenty be used in materialating different merchandises. For illustration a machinery can acquire its constituents imported fro m Italy because in modern dissimulation processes some assemblies have piffling entree to save parts from the state in which they serve the clients. ( Golan, 2012 ) .\r\nItalian designs of fabric merchandises have been a phenomenon since the late 1970s.textile industry is Italy’s pride particularly sing that they own the design and besides the fabrication houses. For a soften design to be achieved several parametric quantities have to be considered merely as it is seen in the Italian design. Quality is ever indispensable in a design. The consideration is high reference on the conclude merchandise such that it will make better in the market. Just like its presents in the Italian design of apparels and other fabric merchandises, Italian put supports on the fabric design so that they increase the lifetime of the final fabric manufactured. This is fundamentally what makes Italian designs better from the old yearss. For an applied scientist or an designer to be good in his/h er undertaking, more than clip should be taken on the design to guarantee that no mistakes are made because in the long tally, the concluding merchandise is affected. ( Person & A ; Snelders, 2010 ) . designing ever start with the acknowledgment of the social demands that are available. After this the designer can interpret these demands into thoughts that are acceptable and ultimately proving the thoughts against the physical Torahs of the nature to see whether scientific discipline accepts it. ( Mastrangelo & A ; Marangi, 2015 ) .Decision.The Italian design history is a major part to the design patterns that are even embraced in modern architectural plants. The most historic portion of it being the ant design motion which led to the betterment of designs runing from piece of furniture designs to textile designing of merchandises. A interior decorator can ever take a leak his/her design executable bargain first of all of all building the paradigm of the same and pr oving done. ( Novi & A ; Piccardo, 2015 ) . The Italian design to day of the month is focused on the property of what comes out of the designed object. A design does non hold to be complicated in order to be tough in the market but a naive and alone design can follow in the industry of an assembly that can truly work out societal issues in the society. For illustration the furniture designs by Italians in the seventiess are still at that place to day of the month and this is because the design suite the demands of the people in the society.\r\npurpose is all about modifying, rearranging and the most of import bettering the public presentation of the merchandise is at all the interior decorator is non introducing a new merchandise. ( Drury, 2009 ) .MentionsDrury, S. ( 2009 ) . European Design Since 1985 ascertain the new century by Rcraig Miller, Penny Sparke, Catherine Mcdermott.Art Book,16( 4 ) , 66-68. inside:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2009.01064_1.x\r\nSparke, P. ( 2008 ) . Mob ility history from a design historiographer ‘s vista: The T2M conference, 2007.Journal Of Transport History,29( 1 ) , 131-135.\r\nPerson, O. , & A ; Snelders, D. ( 2010 ) . soil Styles in Commercial Design.Design Issues,26( 1 ) , 82-94.\r\nNovi, F. , & A ; Piccardo, C. ( 2015 ) . Technology as a severalise for design imaginativeness, an Italian experience with tiro computer architecture pupils.Architectural Engineering & A ; Design Management,11( 3 ) , 185-197. doi:10.1080/17452007.2014.895698\r\nMastrangelo, G. , Marangi, G. , Bontadi, D. , Fadda, E. , Cegolon, L. , Bortolotto, M. , & A ; … Marchiori, L. ( 2015 ) . A worksite intercession to cut down the cardiovascular hazard: proposal of a espouse design easy to incorporate at bottom Italian organisation of occupational health surveillance.BMC Public Health,15( 1 ) , 484-497. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1375-4\r\nSparke, P. ( 1986 ) .An ingress to plan and civilization in the twentieth century. L ondon: Allen & A ; Unwin.\r\nGolan, R. ( 2012 ) . Flashbacks and Eclipses in Italian Art in the sixtiess.Grey Room, ( 49 ) , 102-127.\r\nMedjdoub, B. , & A ; Chenini, M. B. ( 2015 ) . A constraint-based parametric theoretical account to back up edifice run design geographic expedition.Architectural Engineering & A ; Design Management,11( 2 ) , 123-136. doi:10.1080/17452007.2013.834812\r\nPeri Bader, A. ( 2015 ) . A theoretical account for mundane experience of the built environment: the corporal perceptual experience of architecture.Journal Of Architecture,20( 2 ) , 244-267. doi:10.1080/13602365.2015.1026835\r\nRoldan, M. L. , Gonnet, S. , & A ; Leone, H. ( 2013 ) . Knowledge representation of the package architecture design procedure based on state of affairs concretion.Adept Systems,30( 1 ) , 34-53. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0394.2012.00620.x\r\nKawaguchi, H. , & A ; Matsuoka, S. ( 2015 ) . Conceptual Design of three-D FDTD Dedicated Computer With Dataflow Archi tecture for luxuriously Performance Microwave Simulation.IEEE Transactions On Magnetisms,51( 3 ) , 1-4. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2355251\r\n'

'Occupied America Essay\r'

'The logic of â€Å"Not just pyramids, Explorers, and Heroes.” The of import purpose of this chapter is to explain the evolution of the Mesoamerica civilizations through the Preclassical and Postclassical periods, explain the evolution and impact that horti goal had during the first stages of the civilization and how that fact was the primary(prenominal) factor of the change from nomads to sedentary and too to describe the changes in the cultivation of the classes and differences of grammatical gender and the creation of the â€Å"cities” and urban centers. Everything explained chronologically to a better understand of the topic, evaluating every thought of the culture, as the rootage says â€Å"Time represents the association a people have accumulate.”\r\n(2) What the author was question I think in this chapter was the main characteristics of the most important or more highlighted cultures in Mesoamerica, talking in addition briefly almostwhat the si milarities whit oppositewise civilizations around the world nevertheless move more attention that what the â€Å"evolution” or progress of people in Mesoamerica actor because he talks from the Olmecas to the Aztecs and any(prenominal) other cultures that were an important part of the history of those civilizations and the propagation of a new urban world as stated â€Å"Food surpluses do possible â€Å"specialization of labor” and the development of complex social institutions such as organized religion and education.”\r\n(2) I do believe that the most important study that we have to remember are non necessarily the exact time or the exact characteristics of each civilization but which one was first and which one appeared ulterior chronologically, by an example knowing that the Olmeca’s are known as the fuck off culture because it is known as the oldest culture of all, and then the Mayas appeared with approximately similarities in their hier oglyphics and some traditions, or as how the religion and beliefs about Quetzalcoatl of the mother culture was expanded towards some other civilizations of Mesoamerica, and non stopping hither but in addition remembering the splendour of each of one and also their differences. getting to understand their progress through the time, and how this civilizations real a new urban governance by creating centers and actual cities formed not only by pyramids but also homes and schools, how is that their progress created a society that advanced. And also the changes every culture had by how the hierarchies worked and how some people were more powerful than others by the â€Å"primogenitor” right.\r\n'

'Children and War Essay\r'

'How do children give birth contend and what coping assistance do they look at from adults? What can we do to raise children in state of state of contendfare torn times.\r\n fit in to a report by the London base International Coalition to Stop the recitation of Child Soldiers, an estimated 300,000 children in more than 80 countries argon participating in gird conflict. I personally feel that children date fight because adults bring them into this conflict. Professor Henninger mentioned in his post, â€Å"Culture plays a big part,” in how children most the world experience war. Children are seen as innocent and many times are employ as insensible threats in war zones because who would suspect that a child is carrying a bomb or opposite various weapon devices much(prenominal) as hand-grenades and high powered guns.\r\nAccording to my research on this topic, children are used to having a safe brookn and during war safety can non be a aeonian item, which is what children allow need. The class text mentions that children’s memory is affected by non so pleasant images of being around a war zone, children can pay back desensitized to violence which could cause children to display ruffianly behavior; reasoning on moralistic issues are affected, plus numerous other issues much(prenominal) as anxiety and printing are items children experience during war.\r\nIt is unfortunate during war time in various areas, innovative-made girls can make victims of rape and pr phone numberically young girls are used as â€Å"Soldiers wives” in various foreign countries (Garbarino, Kostelny & ampere; Dubrow 1998), where they are made to receive in slavery and condole with for the soldiers every need, which includes paint a picture needs. This is why some of these young girls become pregnant and are then a great deal time abandoned while the solider finds a new young fe phallic victim. explore has shown that once these young girls work babies, they seen as outcast and cannot return back to their fixity family unit, cod to most family members have been killed collect equal to(p) to war zones. new female and male children both experience major breakage to their family unit.\r\nI have seen on new reports where children became instant orphans and most likely saying their parent or parents murdered during war and then the child is left to care for themselves or many times they may have to care for other siblings. Young males may lose their fathers permanently due to war and this loss may surface this young man as the â€Å" headman of household”, where their maturity level is not consistent (Weisenmiller) with taking over such as important role for the family.\r\n manage Assistance for Children of War\r\nHow children will experience war is also based on how the adults around them handle the situation. For example, if the parent is able to be with the child by offering comfort during such a climati cal time and by being direct with the child or children of what is happening, this will answer ease the anxiety caused by war. The join Nations in the past held special sessions on how to deter the affects of war on children who live in war zones on a worldwide level. Special curriculums have been set-up in many war torn countries to concede children to either discuss, draw, or play act events that occurred to them during war, so they share their story and not hold things in, which could cause more judge in their young life.\r\nAssistant for children snarled financial backing, which many times low developed countries do not have the mean, so international abet organizations cans shout in and leave behind the children with the physical and mental help they would need to recover. Children need coping assistance that will help provide their basic everyday needs such as food, shelter, reassurance of safety and assistance with societal development. Social programs such a UNIC EF, buyback Army, Red Cross, along with family, friends and the fraternity will help children cope during times of war.\r\nWhen a child is raised in war torn times, they need to feel wanted and make them become part of the community again by assisting in keeping them in school, healthy, have food and irrigate available. Children need truthful information provided to them during war times because it is very important that they have an understanding of what is happening around them. Overall, confirm from parents, the community, friendly nations is important in support to raise children during war time, and also help the child keep a find of childhood when war issues arise.\r\nReferences:\r\nBerk, Laura E. (2009), Child developing Eight Edition. Pearson Education\r\nClements, Paul T, Jr., PhD,R.N., C.S. (2001). terrorist act in America: How do we speciate the children? Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & psychical Health Services, 39(11), 8-10. Retrieved from http://searc h.proquest.com/docview/225547648?accountid=828\r\nGarbarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1998). No enjoin to be a child: suppuration up in a war zone. Jossey-Bass\r\nWeisenmiller, M. (2007, May 11). Health: Trauma haunts children in war zones. Global Information Network. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/457557903?accountid=8289\r\n'

'4P Marketing Essay\r'

'hese are the basic elements of the merchandise PLAN for either business. PRODUCTThe business has to beget a production that people unavoidableness to buy. They have to decide which market constituent they are aiming at age, income, geographical local anaestheticization principle etc. They then have to key out their product so that it is slightly contrary from what is on offer at founder so that people can be persuaded to give them a try. PROMOTIONCustomers have to be made aware of the product. The two main(prenominal) considerations are target market and cost. A sore business will non be able to afford to circulate on national television, for instance and would not wish to because its market will be local to start with. Leaflets, billboards, advertisements in local newspapers, Yellow Pages and word of mouth would be more appropriate. PRICEThe price must be spirited enough to cover be and make a profit unless low enough to attract customers. in that respect are a n umber of assertable pricing strategies. The most commonly utilize are PENETRATION PRICING charging a low price, possibly not kind of covering costs, to gain a gravel in the market.\r\nThis is quite popular with new businesses trying to get a toehold. CREAMING the oppositeness to penetration pricing, this involves charging a deliberately high price to persuade people that the product is of high quality. Luxury car makers lots use this strategy COST increase PRICING this is the most common embodiment of pricing. Costs are entireled and a beach is added on for profit to make the total price. PLACEThe business must have a location that it can afford, and that is convenient and able for customers and any supplier. The Marketing mix is a set of 4 decisions which need to be taken before launching any new product. These variables are also know as the 4 Ps of marketing. These four variables help the firm in fashioning strategic decisions necessary for the smooth racetrack of an y product / organization.These variables are produce\r\n'

'Theory of Language\r'

'1. theory OF LANGUAGE The theory of quarrel implicit in(p) Duysel erudition was derived from a view of proposed by Turkish Linguistics in the 2000s. Duysel Learning Method involves both the larn of voice communication fellowship and the cultivation of manner of speaking skills, with the dialect on both the form and the means of a language. In didactics exert, its tout ensemble told-embracing nature requires English instructors to select finical and effective teaching regularitys in residency with its special t collects to avoid turning it into a pure(a) oper commensurate-bodied course of viva English or a pure theoretical superstar on grammar.Regardless of all criticism it has received, the grammar- translation manner has been an indispensable system in English teaching as well as a needed step in the cultivation of students’ communicatory competency in a non-English environment. A person quarter non spend a penny successful converse before having a correct conquest of language rules. Although the applicability of the communicatory manner has been widely accepted, this method is confronted with most applicatory problems.I esteem we should search for a confederacy between the traditional teaching method and the modern teaching method with a much rational attitude base on the attainer’s practical ability and request that is, adopting a youthful-made method fusing the two methods together in one class of all-round(prenominal) English. 1. surmise OF LEARNING phrase is the most weighty aspect in the lifespan of all beings. We wont language to get intragroup thoughts and emotions, shit sense of complex and abstractionist thought, to learn to communicate with others, to fulfill our wants and needs, as well as to establish rules and throw our culture.Language is a subtle and complex peter mathematical functiond to communicate an incredible list of different things, but for our purposes here we can red uce the universe of colloquy to 4 basic categories: information, direction, emotion, and ceremony. The first two argon often treated together beca uptake they indicate cognitive meaning firearm the latter(prenominal) two commonly express excited meaning. Language is non in condition(p) in general by discipline the â€Å"rules” but earlier by first earshot to and reasonableness the spoken language and wherefore practicing language.Occasionally, however, learning of rules can facilitate many adults learn and use the language. Just do non make rules the focus of the course. While repetition and memorization can play an pregnant social function in language learning, they cannot by themselves insure that students result be able to use the language for any factual purpose. Repetition and memorization, if utilise, must be go with by other activities requiring the cover of the larn patterns in novel situations and with variation in vocabulary and even structur e. . DESIGN a. Objectives/ computer programme In Duysel Learning Method, grammar teaching is not intended for counting grammar but help students to grasp language rules and fulfill pick uping, speaking, interpreting and written material enforce in a better way. As a result, instructors should hold situations for actual activities correspond to students’ daily life to guide students to see, grasp and use grammar properly in such situations.I once espouse a four-step method including introduction, imposture, summary and application to promote grammar teaching at comprehensive English class. In the introduction section, the teacher fathers viva demonstration on whatsoever original or relevant sentences associate to a certain grammar rule in order to introduce it. Selected examples should be in conformity with certain communicatory situations thus putting it across to students to what situations this grammar rule applies.In the imitation process, students ar co mpulsory to have oral imitation of some expressions fit for the given up situation after understanding examples, which get ahead establishes a pattern for correct use of grammar experience in a late situation as well as larns whether they have understood the given knowledge points or not. In the summary part, students atomic number 18 guided to sum up grammatic rules and points by analyzing specific situations themselves so that they volition enjoy the joy of success. Students atomic number 18 anticipate to take notes so as to compile material for review.In the last step, some real situations be set to help students to practice using the learnt grammatical knowledge to have conference. Once they find that they can follow through grammar to real talk and specific t strikes preferably of memorizing grammatical rules, students’ learning enthusiasm will be stimulated and their ability of self-governing analysis and solving problems will be cultivated as well. b. Types of Learning and tenet Activities Duysel Learning Method emphasizes students’ comprehensive rearing in listening, speaking, reading, piece of writing and translation.Due to the specialty of listening and speaking training, they atomic number 18 usually dealt with independently while other three skills are mainly learn through the learning of text editions. As for listening and speaking, students are judge to follow classes given in English, to understand short conversations, lectures as well as reports with familiar topics, simple structure and a speed of 120 lyric poem per minute, to beg and answer and retell base on relevant listening material, to make conferred presentations based on familiar topics after adequate to(predicate) preparation.Obviously, the communicative method helps to achieve the teaching goal in listening and speaking practice. In practice, teachers may ask students to listen to memorializes, do exercises and have discussions based on hot issues with teachers’ checking and instruction; they may besides analyze some difficult points in listening material and have more extensive learning of clean quarrel and expressions. However, those who have been accustomed to the traditional method tend to keep silent and think little of this method since they cannot learn adapted knowledge and language points.As a result, teachers should use the grammar-translation method at times with the communicative method as the main line. For instance, some difficult points at the linguistic level can be explained with the traditional method. Students’ reading, writing and translation skills are mainly trained in learning texts. Teachers are anticipate to base their teaching on texts to give students certain information and language knowledge first of all by focussing on the translation and understanding of texts and then establish rude(a) situations beyond the texts for practice of communicative skills.I once adopted a four-step method including preparatory reading, listening and answering, chat on text and conferred communication in the text teaching process, achieving a infixed transition and fusion of grammar-translation training and communicative training. In the first step, students are required to preview a text in front with their grammar-translation experience in which they can make sure slightly some refreshing words, the gist of the text and some questions and because have the next day’s class with full preparation.In the second step, the teacher first asks students to correct their pronunciation and transition by imitating the tape and then plays the tape once again for students to answer questions or make judgments so as to check their preparatory reading. In the third step, the teacher may guide students to have communication in the context related to the text and help them to solve some problems in key words, sentences and understanding of content they displayed in the preliminary two steps.When explaining key words and sentences, the grammar-translation method should be used to combine students’ understanding of the text and improve their ability to use language correctly and flexibly through right communication on the text. In the last step, students’ enthusiasm for communication is fully encouraged. Here the communication in this step is different from that in the previous steps since teachers need to employ a variety of advanced teaching methods to bring on language situations and communicative tasks which originating from text while going beyond of it.Students are able to apply what they have learnt to real communication through continuing writing texts, having simulate dialogues, having role-plays, having discussions and so on, hence achieving the purpose of communicating ideas through language. c. Learner agencys Learners have to get in in classroom activities that were based on a cooperative rather than individual appr oach to learning. Students have to become sluttish with listening to their peers in group puzzle out or pair work tasks, rather than relying on the teacher for a type.They are expected to take on a greater degree of responsibility for their sustain learning. d. Teacher percentages Teachers have to assume the role of facilitator and monitor. Rather than being a model for correct speech and writing and one with the primary responsibility of making students garden truck plenty of error-free sentences, the teacher have to coach a different view of learners’ errors and of her/his receive role in facilitating language learning. e. The Role of Instructional Materials Classical texts and carefully compiled texts according to grammar system are used.The materials usually harp of three parts: grammar, vocabulary, and text. The main functions of the materials used in Duysel Learning are presenting and reinforcing grammar rules and new words, and offering cultural information. A dditionally, exercise handbooks, hint cards, activity cards, pair-communication practice materials. And student interaction practice booklets are employed in the activities with the aim of improving communicative skills. f. The Role of Native Language The role of language in learning cannot be over-emphasized. Language is the prime resource teachers have and use for mediating learning.When learning languages, then, teachers and students are working with language simultaneously as an object of study and as a medium for learning. In teaching languages, the draw a bead on language is not simply a new compute †new labels for the same concepts; rather, effectively taught, the new language and culture being learned offer the opportunity for learning new concepts and new ways of understanding the world. The target language should be used not only during communicative activities, but withal for explaining the activities to the students or in assigning homework. However, domestic language is only used in making translation. . Feelings of Students Learner’s flavorings are really important because students will be more motivated to study a foreign language since they will feel they are learning to do something utilitarian with the language. They are given an opportunity to express their individuality by having them share their ideas and opinions on a regular basis. h. Evaluation The teacher evaluates not only the students’ accuracy, but likewise their fluency. Use an integrative test which has a real communicative function. To assess students’ writing skill, a teacher might ask them to write a letter to a friend.Written tests in which students are asked to translate from their native language to the target language or vice versa are also used. Questions about the foreign culture or questions that ask students to apply grammar rules are common. i. Treatments of Errors Errors of form are tolerated during fluencyâ€based activities and t hey are seen as a natural outcome of the study of communication skills. But in the translation part, having the students get the correct answer is considered very important. If students make errors or dont know an answer, the teacher supplies them with the correct answer.\r\n'

'A happy marriage is that it is much full of spouses\r'

'I guess a happy conjugation is that it is untold full of spouses love and trust, and it is welcomed and congratulated by surrounding families, relatives, and others. So, I wish to express a happy mating by three stages based on my trades union vitality up to now. In the beginning of pairing for two or three years aft(prenominal) wedding, a bride and a groom atomic number 18 ever so happy with wedding itself because they completed their love and atomic number 18 able to  live together with their lovers permanently. And also they are happy with expecting the first baby as the pull up stakes of their love.\r\nIn the middle stage of marriage life from having the first baby to growing up a adult, the first baby gives the spouses the happiest marriage. When children are growing up well, they will feel happy too. If children go to a famous university, they will be conscious of a happy marriage furtherto a greater extent and be sublime of them.On the other hand, they can n eartimes suffer some difficulties in this period due to the families health, economic matters, and childrens educational problems. After overcoming those matters well, a happy marriage would be maintained continuously.\r\nFinally, the spouses will be conscious of a happy marriage when their son and daughter fit good marriage partners and they succeed in the society. As getting older, all most of spouses would feel more deep love and trust each other. I wish to say that a happy marriage results in the better health of spouses physically and mentally.\r\n \r\n'

'Nature of Human Resource Management: Hiring and Recruiting\r'

'EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION In the act time, Organization’s most authoritative assets atomic enumerate 18 its raft i. e. Employees. These employees ar the foundation on which the makeup stands strong; with knocked out(p) the human power to practise certain tasks, to produce, to operate, to analyze, etc no judicature can live. Although the red-brick technologies do up made a lot things more than easier further nothing can replace the conditional relation of the Human Resources. Therefore, Hiring is a very ch totallyenging, time eat and costly function of the comp every. plainly what’s even harder †peculiarly in to mean solar sidereal day’s chaotic sparing situation is, â€Å"Making the mighty Hire”. Recruiting and weft is all or so â€Å"hiring the effective person for the expert concern at the right time. ” in time a single wrong convey can walk out the ope balancens of the business and can cost the unanimous a fortune. In order to keep off make a bad take away, HR managers must c atomic number 18fully conduct and analyze the Human Resource provision (HRP) wreak. HRP is a ferment employ by the organizations to reassure that it has right beat and kind of people to run across its picky goals in futurity.This is done by promise the struggle Demand for future tense and matching it with the forecasted Labor Supply of the impregnable. Organizations that do not conduct HRP or don not cast to death HRP properly whitethorn not be able to meet their future labor shortage or may choose to resort to layoffs out-of-pocket to labor surplus. Even though hiring the right people with right skills is very elongated and difficult process but Human bully is a substantial investment and even a single mistake can put financial burden on the household. The pace at which a business moves from survival mode to growth paths is more often than not dependent on the successful hiring of the condemn employees.The successfulness of the business not unless depends on hiring honourable people but hiring extremely talented people with the right skills for any p impostureicular duty. Following are close to mapful tips for hiring right people for the right note: * Develop a detailight-emitting diode excogitate Description; identify the cite responsibilities, functions and expectations for the daub downstairs question. * Design a careful contemplate specification; specify the skills, requirements, run into and recogniseledge required for the position under question. * Use internal or extraneous labor market to sense adequate number of potential candi insures * Conduct the Screening process wisely and horoughly in order to remark valuable selective information regarding competitive salaries, intelligence and the chokeings standards. * Try to use structured oppugn process to select the beaver possible candidates * Check references pass ond by the candidate s, verify their degrees and separate information provided by them and find out about their prehistorical encountering behaviors by contacting their ex imprint or subordinates * later on hiring, make the saucy fill welcomed and make him/her understand the finale of the organization by Orientation. Opening causePAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY Pakistan courtly line Authority is a Public orbit autonomous body functional under the national G everyplacenment of Pakistan done the Ministry of Defence. It was established on seventh celestial latitude, 1982 as an autonomous body. Prior to its psychiatric hospital, a courteous tune Department in the Ministry of Defence employ to manage the civil aviation related activities. The day of 7th December has significance, as it coincides with the date of creation of International Civil air power Organization (ICAO) in 1944 as a result of the famous scratch Convention.Incidentally, the United Nations have declared 7th December as the International Civil air day and celebrated as such all division all over the World. All kinds of Civil Aviation related activities are complete by CAA including the regulatory, air barter run, airport wariness, infrastructure and commercial disclosement at the airports, etc. Recently, Civil Aviation Authority underwent Restructuring and exchange care process to meet the present and future challenges.This organizational transformation process identified Structure, Culture, Skills, and Rewards as four tracks on which simultaneous emphasis is creation laid. The Vision, Mission, and core out Values have been identified. Wide-angle buy-in process by CAA senior management with staff and deject levels for bridging communication gaps between different hierarchical levels of the organization has been taken. As a result of the Restructuring process, the fundamental organization structure has been balanced to focus on three close to core areas nurturely regulatory, Air Na vigations Services, and Airport Services.These Core / Line functions are fully supported by the various corporate functions of the organization. The restructuring process has helped Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority to fully focus on:- * change its gumshoe and security oversight role as per International Civil Aviation Organization requirements and standards. * To drive on growth of the infrastructure development (Airports and Airport Cities) on a fast-track basis. Private sector participation in the process is also world encouraged. Enhanced Regulatory and air space management capabilities. Moreover, emphasis is beingness laid on commercialization of its assets and land with improve customer / passenger service standards, benchmarked with top execute foreign airports * Development of a New Aviation Policy for the country in consultation with the Ministry of Defence, intend Commission, World Bank, Airlines, and Aviation Experts (Expected to be considered by the footlocke r for approval shortly). Investing in Human pick development through and through structured approach with particular focus on quality of people and enhancing their master capability. Quality work on brand- spick-and-spanfangled initiatives is in progress such as introduction of enterprise Resource plan (ERP), Health, Security, rubber, and Environment (HSSE), Corporate affable Responsibility (CSR), Ethics Management Program, Customer feedback utensil at the airports, Employees carrying out Management system, benchmarking, outsourcing of non-core and wasteful activities, etc.Recently, we have embarked upon a challenging phased program to acquire international standards of Integrated Management System (IMS) in CAA during which the international standards of ISO 9001:2000 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental Management System), and OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Management System) shall be acquired. VISION STATEMENT â€Å"Be commence ment exercise service provider in the aviation sedulousness” MISSION STATEMENT â€Å"Provide safe, secure and efficacious best-in-class aviation go to the stakeholders” CORE VALUES * committedness * Professional Excellence * Customer Focus Safety and Security * Integrity ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE PCAA attention board Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is administered by the Board which performs tasks like policy formulation, execution, monitoring and evaluation. The notice is being assisted in different administrative and financial issues by the number of sub committees namely PCCA Executive direction, PCAA Audit Committee and HR Committee. PCAA BOARD PCAA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PCAA AUDIT COMMITTEE human being RESOURCE DEPARTMENT OF PCAA The HR department of PCAA is unchanging under the evolution process as it was formed only three years ago.Prior to the formation of the HR department there was an ‘Administrative Department’ which use to manage all t he activities; finance, accounts, hiring and selection, employee record keeping, audit, etc. Even though the HR department is not tout ensemble established, PCAA HR is making pretty skilful efforts for further a prosperous corporate culture and developing organizational capabilities by designing an effective and efficient workforce who remains devoted towards the union. The maneuver of the HR department is the brain HR who is in overcompensate Group of 11. He is appointed by DG CAA ( director General).Directorate of human vision delivers high quality of management services from manpower. HR supports the line function/directorates to chance on strategic goals of PCAA. HR directorates have basketball team subsectiones which perform different functions. Each Branch has different head called General Manager (GM) which hence reports to chief HR for approval. Following are the subsectiones of the HR Department of PCAA: * HR Employee Relation and remember Management (EM & ; RM) * HR Recruiting and Selecting (R & S) * HR Career Planning and Performance Measurement (CP & PM) * HR Pension * HR upbringing and Development (T&D)This report only discusses the HR Recruiting and excerption discriminate. The HR policies and strategies are develop and designed in a way to develop a unified, stable and fair work milieu for every single employee so that they perform in the best way they can. Moreover, every employee is provided with opportunities to learn and grow. HR ORGANIZATIONAL CHART RECRUITING AND SELECTION AT PCAA The Recruiting and Selection outgrowth is responsible for attracting the potential candidates for any present or future vacant positions; it plans and provides employees with the right skills for the right business concern.Similarly, the branch also deals with the employee layoffs in case an employee is not performing up to the mark or is indulged in wrong working practices and sometimes the layoffs result due to labor surplus . This branch first seeks approval for any in the buff apply for a post or layoffs from Director General. Before starting the Hiring and Selection process, the HR first conducts Human Resource Planning to find out about its labor submit and abstract. But the HRP process is performed in depth. After the discovering the human resource requirements through HRP the Recruiting and Selection process is started.PCAA Recruiting and Selection regale Human Resource Planning The present working environment has convey extremely competitive for every business. People are now open to a great deal of opportunities and they are also nearly informed about the market place; candidates know the standard working practices and salary being stipendiary by the various employers in an industry. Therefore, employees have become less loyal to the companies in general; if they are not satisfied or happy with their employer or subordinates wherefore they don’t hesitate to reverse to some earl y(a) company.Keeping this trend in mind, PCAA HR performs a simple regard and supply analysis for its labor force. Demand Forecasting Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority uses a very simple order for forecasting the labor demand i. e. RATIO ANALYSIS. The system simply compares the balance of the employees to CAA units with the expected number of employees for from each one job. Below is a sample table which demonstrates how the demand forecasting is done in PCAA. Column A shows the current number of employees holding the existing key positions in the firm. Column B calculates the present ratio of employees to PCCA units.Column C calculates the expected number of employees for each job position in 2012 by multiplying the current ratio of employees to PCAA units by 32 (additional number of firms to be added). This is a Quantitative technique. Supply Forecasting one time the demand analysis is done the next shout is to do labor supply forecasting. The labor requirements are execut e either through Judgmental techniques. PCAA uses Executive Reviews; pop off Management makes judgments about who should be promoted, reassigned or fired, and vacuum analysis; judgments are made about probable employee movementsKey Positions| DEMAND FORECAST ANumber of Employees2010| BRatio ofEmployees/CAA Units(Col A/25)| Projected 2012 laborDemand for 32 Firms(Col B x 32)| Secretary Ministerof Defense| 25| 1. 00| 32| Vice Chief of Air staff| 9| 0. 36| 12| Secretary Planning and Development division| 23| 0. 92| 29| Managing Director PIAC| 20| 0. 80| 26| Director General CAA| 14| 0. 56| 18| deputy sheriff Director General| 22| 0. 88| 28| Chief HR| 25| 1. 00| 32| Chief Financial Officer| 20| 0. 80| 26| General Manager| 45| 1. 80| 58| Director Technical| 27| 1. 08| 35| heart and soul| 230| | 296| RecruitingRecruiting is the process of generating a pool of qualified candidates for a particular job. The firm must announce the job’s availability to the market (inside or rem oved the organization) and attract qualified candidates to apply. First of all the Recruiting and Selecting branch obtains the detail information about the vacant positions from the single departments (such as finance, Operations, etc). This is explained in Job Description and Job Specification. However, if the vacancy exists for any HR position then HR develops the job description and job specification.Once all the relevant information is gathered then the job vacancies are announced to the general public through posting the news on their website and newspapers. The internal employees are also informed about the job vacancies through announcements, official emails or office notice board. This is a newspaper ad: PCAA HR department receives job applications within 30 days of the publication of the advertisements (as per the mentioned date in the ads). All the job applications are carefully analyzed and scrutinized and then a certain amount of candidates are short- contentioned who are eligible for giving the compose testing.The HR (R&S) then forwards the count of selected candidates to National probeing Service (NTS). Written foot race For ensuring transparency and upholding the motto of Merit, PCAA has outsourced its scripted test test to a third party National examen Service (NTS). This decision was made during the Executive Committee Meeting held on 27th July, 2007 as proprietorship to conduct all type of written test on behalf of HR (R&S) branch. NTS carries out the written test once it receives the names of the short-listed candidates form HR (R&S).NATIONAL TESTING SERVICE (NTS) NTS is an organization who provides services for conducting academic performance evaluation tests which was formed in July 2002. Following are the test standards that NTS follows for all of its tests. * developmental procedures * Suitability for use * Customer service * candor * Uses and protection of information * Validity * Assessment development * Reliabil ity * Cut scores, scaling, and equating * Assessment establishment * Reporting assessment results * Assessment use * adjudicate Takers rights and responsibilitiesAfter the test is conducted NTS compiles the results and announces them on their websites as well as forward them to HR (R;S) of PCAA. Then HR (R;S) branch is responsible for the development of merit list and outlet of oppugn call letter to top quintette candidates as per quota share accustomed below: be QUOTA| PERCENTAGES| PUNJAB| 50%| SINDH| 19%| SINDH (rural)| 11. 4%| SINDH (urban)| 7. 6%| NWFP| 11. 5%| BALOCHISTAN| 6%| AZAD KASHMIR| 2%| WOMEN | 10%| NON-MUSLIMS| 5%| alter| 2%| Interview The candidates who made to the merit list are called for the final phase of the Recruiting and Selection process i. . Interview. The call into question can be conducted at five centers namely Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, Quetta and Peshawar. The Administration instructs the Airport Managers for making arrangements for the candidat es. After interview, HR (R;S) branch compiles the result domicile vise by taking the weight-age of 60% of Written Test and 40% of Interview. INTERVIEW SELECTION BOARD Employee tab Organizations should not engross people before verificatory their documentations and past work behavior; even if they performed nice in the written test or interview.HR (R;S), in order to predict the future performance of a prospective employee, looks at the Past Employment Record of their prospective candidates. Most of the companies do not provide any kind of job-related information about their ex employees due to terror of insult. But checking employee’s references is a best way for PCAA to avoid inattentive hire. some other rule used by HR (R;S) branch to do employee verification is to do Background Checks. This includes felon background checks, verification of degrees, credit history, etc.Background checks help PCAA to avoid any lawsuit resulting due to a negligent hiring. Selection Wh en the prospective employees pass the verification step they are hired. An appointment letter is issued in the name of the employee by the PCAA HR (R;S) branch. The new hires are given a date and time for the Orientation. Training Once the Orientation is conducted the new hires of non- proficient posts (e. g. Financial Officer, Accountant, etc) is required to tie PCAA from the very next day. But the new hires of technical posts (e. g.Engineers) are send to Civil Aviation Training Institute (CATI) Hyderabad for cooking. The duration of the training varies from four to vi weeks depending upon the personality of the job. Evaluation of the Recruiting and Selection Process PCAA HR(R;S) branch doesn’t use any proper method of evaluating their Recruiting and Selection process. They simply see the performance of the new hires and see if their decision of hiring a particular employee was correct or not. Hiring and Keeping the Right People Case Study By: Rich Kramarik We have a cou ple of stories to share with you this month.The first is an accounting firm. This firm has 8 employees and revenues of three million dollars. This firm had been experiencing a problem with turn-over. The chief operating officer was using good interview techniques and involved other members of the firm in the interview process. In a couple of cases lymph nodes were used to interview the candidates. This firm was using every bit of good judgment and process to screen candidates. But, yet they experience a high level of turnover. The reasons were all over the map. In one case the new hire merely was not as productive as expected.In another case the new hire just didn’t go far along with clients. And, in yet another case the new hire was very argumentative with other employees. We worked with this chief executive officer and could not find any substantive changes that we thought would help. We started looking at how new employees were introduced into the firm and how they wer e trained and supported. We found that the nature of the business was the problem. This firm did contract accounting services and by the nature of the business new hires were out of the office and working in the client offices at present after hiring on.Through interviews we discovered that the employees were uncomfortable and felt mazed as they â€Å"got thrown to the wolves. ”  We work with the chief executive officer and new support plans and work procedures were implemented. As new employees came on board, they were assigned a â€Å" chum salmon” who worked with them at the client location half the time. This helped the new hire get comfortable with some(prenominal) the client and accounting firm. The â€Å"buddy” was also responsible to â€Å"train” the new hire in the office for two weeks before the new hire went out to client locations.This was not utterly time, but rather on the job training working on client work but at the accounting fir m’s office. The chief operating officer also implemented one-on-one teach sessions with new hires that were held on a weekly basis for the first 90 days of employment. These coaching sessions were to help channelise the new hire to the company culture and they were used by the CEO as a safety valve or venting session. The CEO found these coaching session invaluable in helping both of them to resolve issues before they got out of control and became perpetration reducing concerns.The result of the new approach is that the CEO has not befuddled a new hire for nine months now. This is retention that is already longer than the past experiences. A second situation is an engineering firm with 20 employees and ten million dollars in revenues. The CEO say he was loosing his employees to competitive firms. He tell he was tired of training new hires and then loosing them. With the permission of the CEO we interviewed several employees †both new hire and long term employees. W e found some interesting environmental facts that pointed to the problem.We comprehend that employee expectations were not being met. The employees felt that they didn’t have adequate equipment and materials to perform their work. They also felt that there was disparity from employee to employee in the quality and capabilities of the equipment that the company made available to employees. We heard that employee assignments were constantly changing and that client demands often were accept by management and the implications were longer work hours and lost family time. We heard much more, but this is enough of an mannequin to show the problem.These items alone point to a unretentive work environment, but that was not the problem. These employees said that during the hire interview process the CEO made statements that led the new hires to believe they would have state of the art equipment. They said that the CEO said they had a culture of working a 40 hour work week. These e mployees also said that they had talked to friends who were working in other companies and that the environment was much better. The CEO said that demands from clients and fear of loosing business were driving some of his actions.He also said that poor revenues lately were impacting his ability to spend on equipment. Our CEO was also surprised to hear that his competitors were providing a better work environment. We helped this CEO implement some changes that have helped with his attrition problem. He did some work to script his interview questions and comments about the company. This helped him avoid his evangelical descriptions about the company that tended to overstate the real situation. We helped him put plans in place to stage the purchase of new equipment. He was able to schedule work hours in taggered sessions that allowed some sharing of the new equipment. The biggest change the CEO made was to share more information with the company employees on the business environment a nd to implement a more open listening style. This CEO is working hard to change these company culture issues and the results so fare is that he has not lost any employees since he started this new focus. In summary, our clients are acquiring our help to get their focus on working â€Å"on their business” rather than working â€Å"in their business” and when they do †they find excellent results.\r\n'